How Cellular Electronic Payments Work

You're on your way home with a few errands to run and only your cell phone to help. From work, you walk to the commuter train station, where you touch your cell phone to a near field communication (NFC) reader to pay your fare. On the platform, you stand near a poster advertising a movie you'd like to see. You touch your phone to the NFC tag on the ad to download details about the film, including where and when it'll be playing and the URL for a Web site to visit to order e-tickets.




When you reach your stop, you go to the bookstore, where you use your phone to redeem a discount coupon and buy a DVD. The next stop is the dry cleaners, and again, you touch the phone to the NDC reader to pay your bill.

The last stop is your favorite restaurant for carryout. You sent a text order from your phone, so the food is ready and waiting. Another touch of the phone to a reader, and you're ready to head home for a relaxing dinner and a chance to watch that new DVD.

The cellular electronic payment described in this scenario may seem futuristic, but consider that:

    TheTrainLine, a British train ticket retailer, is piloting a smart-ticketing system that allows riders to link train tickets to NFC-enabled cell phones such as the Nokia 6131. The rider buys tickets online using a mobile phone or PC. At the station, the rider touches the phone to a mobile reader to pay the fare [source: Silicon.com].

    McDonald's Holdings Japan has begun offering a discount coupon program for NFC-enabled cell phone owners, who already use cellular payment for train fares, store purchases and McDonald's meals. With the coupon program, users can receive, select and download coupons, making their purchases 10 times faster. More than 40 million Japanese have NFC-enabled cell phones, which first went on the market there in 2004 [source: RFID Journal].

All of this may have you wondering: How does electronic payment with a cell phone work? How available is this type of payment? And what are the security risks? Keep reading to learn more, starting with the technology behind cellular electronic payments.

Content from: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cellular-electronic-payment.htm

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys:


F2                      Edit the selected cell.

F5                      Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.

F7                      Spell check selected text or document.

F11                    Create chart.

Ctrl + Shift + ;    Enter the current time.

Ctrl + ;               Enter the current date.

Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.

Shift + F3         Open the Excel formula window.

Shift + F5         Bring up search box.

Ctrl + A           Select all contents of the worksheet.

Ctrl + B           Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl + I            Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl + K          Insert link.

Ctrl + U          Underline highlighted selection.

Ctrl + 5          Strikethrough highlighted selection.

Ctrl + P          Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.

Ctrl + Z          Undo last action.

Ctrl + F9        Minimize current window.

Ctrl + F10      Maximize currently selected window.

Ctrl + F6        Switch between open workbooks or windows.

Ctrl + Page up      Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.

Ctrl + Tab            Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Alt + =                 Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

Ctrl + '                 Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

Ctrl + Shift + !     Format number in comma format.

Ctrl + Shift + $    Format number in currency format.

Ctrl + Shift + #    Format number in date format.

Ctrl + Shift + %   Format number in percentage format.

Ctrl + Shift + ^    Format number in scientific format.

Ctrl + Shift + @  Format number in time format.

Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.

Ctrl + Space       Select entire column.

Shift + Space      Select entire row.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.

A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email, Gmail, or Hotmail etc. You dont need a software or a server to use them. All a consumer would need is just an internet connection and you can start sending emails. The server and email management software is all on the cloud ( internet) and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo , Google etc. The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits. The analogy is , 'If you need milk , would you buy a cow ?' All the users or consumers need is to get the benefits of using the software or hardware of the computer like sending emails etc. Just to get this benefit (milk) why should a consumer buy a (cow) software /hardware ?

Cloud computing is broken down into three segments: "application" "storage" and "connectivity." Each segment serves a different purpose and offers different products for businesses and individuals around the world. In June 2011, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 91% of senior IT professionals actually don't know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior finance professionals are clear by the concept,highlighting the young nature of the technology. In Sept 2011, an Aberdeen Group study found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 68% increase in their IT expense because cloud computing and only a 10% reduction in data center power costs.

The Jamnagar Refinery

The Jamnagar Refinery is a private sector crude oil refinery owned by Reliance Industries in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The refinery was commissioned on 14 July 1999 with an installed capacity of 668,000 barrels per day (106,200 m3/d). It is the largest refinery in the world.

Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL) on 25 December 2008 announced the commissioning of its refinery in a Special Economic Zone at Jamnagar, Gujarat in India. With the completion of the RPL refinery, Jamnagar has emerged as the ‘Refining Hub of the World’ with the largest refining complex with an aggregate refining capacity of 1.24 million barrels (197,000 m3) of oil per day in any single location in the world.

The globally competitive RPL refinery was completed in 36 months from concept to commissioning, which was a new benchmark for building a grass-root refinery of this scale and complexity. RPL achieved the milestone by leveraging the project management skills of the Reliance group together with world-class implementation partners like Bechtel, UOP LLC and Foster Wheeler amongst others.

World's largest refineries

Name of Refinery
Location
Barrels per Day

Jamnagar Refinery (Reliance Industries limited)
Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
1,240,000

Baytown Refinery (ExxonMobil)
Baytown, TX, USA
572,500

Baton Rouge Refinery (ExxonMobil)
Baton Rouge, LA, USA
503,000

Hovensa LLC
Virgin Islands, USA
350,000

Abadan Refinery
Iran
450,000

Marathon Petroleum Company
Garyville LA, USA
436,000

Royal Dutch Shell Pernis Refinery
Netherlands
416,000

Fawley Southampton Refinery (ExxonMobil)
Southampton, United Kingdom
347,000

Kirishi Refinery (Surgutneftegas)
Kirishi, Russia
337,000

Flint Hills Resources
Corpus Christi TX, USA
288,000

Chevron Richmond Refinery
Richmond CA, USA
240,000

Saudi Aramco Yanbu Refinery
Yanbu, KSA
235,000

BREATHER VALVES

Breather Valves help in breathing of the storage, In and Out. These are mainly designed to prevent Vapour losses, Evaporation, Over Pressure, Storage buckling,negative pressure (Vacuum).


Breather Valves suit chemical conditions, Temperature and Blanketing systems. In case of over pressure, due to high IN flow to the storage, pressure inside is balanced to normal. While withdrawing the liquid, from the storage creates vacuum inside the storage. As we know that vacuum is such a negative pressure, which can hold the liquid from drawing Out or buckle the vessel. In both the cases Breather Valves play very important role in the total system.

Breather Valves are designed in reference to API 2000. Spring loaded pallets can also be furnished. In case the vapour of the stored fluid could be cause of pollution, flanged unit can convoy through inlet & outlet tubes, these vapour in a safety zone.

Digboi-The birthplace of Indian Oil Industry!

It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase "dig-boy-dig," which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil. The town's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants' legs soaked in black mud, that smelt somewhat like oil. The men began exploring more, and in 1889, the English started a small oil installation. India (and Asia) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901. Today, though the crude production is not high, Digboi has the distinction of being India's oldest continuously producing oilfield. The Digboi refinery is the world's oldest oil refinery still in operation.
The Digboi Refinery was set up at Digboi in 1901 by Assam Oil Company Ltd.. The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC) took over the refinery and marketing management of Assam Oil Company Ltd. with effect from 1981 and created a separate division. This division has both refinery and marketing operations. The refinery at Digboi had an installed capacity 0.50 MMTPA (million metric tonnes per annum). The refining capacity of the refinery was increased to 0.65 MMTPA by modernization of refinery in July, 1996. A new delayed Coking Unit of 1,70,000 TPA capacity was commissioned in 1999. A new Solvent Dewaxing Unit for maximizing production of microcrystalline wax was installed and commissioned in 2003. The refinery has also installed Hydrotreater to improve the quality of diesel.



The world's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859, by Col Willam Drake in Pennsylvania, USA.